Despite the ongoing improvements in digital imaging technology, analog cameras remain a popular (and beloved) instrument for many photographers. In fact, film has been witnessing a resurgence in popularity among professionals and amateurs alike—even gadget-obsessed millennials are ditching their smartphones and digital cameras for old school film cameras.
Unlike digital photography, working with film can be quite tricky. You have to be very selective about the images you take, as you don’t want to waste film. You also don’t have the option of cropping out unwanted elements or adjusting the exposure of a particularly dark image (unless you own a film scanner) with photo editing software later on. And of course, the entire process of turning your film into an actual photo is an arduous one as well.
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Analog cameras capture images by exposing photographic film to light, with the scene in front of the lens being reproduced onto the material thanks to the chemical reaction between the silver halides and the light itself. The film is then developed in a darkroom and turned into an actual photographic print. It’s much more complicated than it seems, but that’s part of what makes it fun for most photographers.
Other reasons why people are turning to film is because it offers a variety of creative and technical advantages—such as higher dynamic range, superior color saturation and accuracy, and the ability to experiment with double exposure. Additionally, film cameras are generally more affordable—some typically have a higher resolution as well—than many of their digital counterparts. Also, black and white pictures tend to be more detailed when shot on film due to the higher dynamic range.
If you’re interested in learning more about the different types of film cameras, as well as the various film formats and types available to film enthusiasts, then read on.
Types of Film Cameras
Single-Lens Reflex (SLR) Cameras
These cameras are the analog equivalent of the DSLR. It has the same internal mirror mechanism that allows you to look straight through the lens and see a near-exact approximation of what the image will look like once it’s captured. SLR cameras also allow you to swap lenses, enabling you to exert greater control over your shots.
Twin-Lens Reflex (TLR) Cameras
Equipped with double objective lenses of identical focal lengths, twin-lens reflex or TLR cameras are able to continuously display the scene you are trying to shoot on the viewfinder screen—they do not “black out” during exposure like SLRs do. One lens is used for viewing while the other lens exposes the film, and thanks to these separate lenses, you can examine the scene as the camera takes the shot, which can be helpful for certain applications that require longer shutter speeds.
Rangefinder Cameras
The most distinguishing feature of a rangefinder camera is that it calculates distance through triangulation for accurate focusing. It uses a somewhat similar mechanism as the SLR, except that this mechanism, which involves a compact revolving mirror and two windows, is used for focusing—not for viewing the scene to be captured. Also, unlike the SLR, a rangefinder does not allow you to look through the lens, but through a small window on the upper right side (in the same way you would with a point-and-shoot camera).
Point-and-Shoot Cameras
Without mirrors or any of the other complex mechanisms found in more sophisticated cameras, point-and-shoots are generally very compact and lightweight. These are what people call “disposable” or one-time-use cameras, as they cannot be reloaded with a new roll of film. As the name suggests, point-and-shoot cameras don’t allow you to do anything other than point and shoot. The camera controls focus and exposure settings automatically, plus it has a fixed focal length lens so you won’t be able to zoom in or out.
Instant Cameras
One of the most popular film cameras today, the instant camera is essentially a point-and-shoot camera that prints images instantaneously on self-developing film. Some models even allow you to choose from several shooting modes or adjust the brightness of the image for better results. The appeal of this camera lies in its ability to satisfy our desire for instant gratification—you’ll be able to see your photos immediately after capturing them, much like with a digital camera. And unlike most of the film cameras on this list, this type of camera is still being manufactured today.
Stereo Cameras
Stereo cameras can reproduce human binocular vision and shoot images with 3D effects, all thanks to its multiple lenses and their respective image sensors or film frames. There are a number of possible uses for stereo cameras, including range imaging and the creation of stereoviews and 3D pictures for movies.
Panoramic Cameras
Panoramic cameras have been around since the 1800s. The first successful model, the Megaskop, was created by German-born photographer Friedrich von Martens in 1844 or 1845. Various photographers and inventors created their own version of the panoramic camera over the last two centuries, each with different mechanisms and components. What all of them had in common, however, is that they were able to compose large, highly detailed images by fully utilizing the entire film frame.
Folding Cameras
One distinct feature of the folding camera is its bellows—which looks like what you see on an accordion instrument—situated between the lens and the camera body. This part can alter both image focus and in-camera effects, as well as fix distortion in certain cases. You can also achieve different effects for your image by adjusting the lens angle and position at the bellows’ edge and the film back.
Large Format Cameras
A large format camera is technically any camera with an imaging format of imaging format of at least 4×5 inches (102×127 mm) or bigger. Unlike other cameras on this list, large format cameras are not limited to a specific camera design or mechanism. It can be a rangefinder, an SLR, a twin-lens reflex, or even a pinhole camera.
Box Cameras
As the name suggests, box cameras come in the form of a cardboard or plastic box, with a lens on one end and film on the other end. In order to create images, these simplistic cameras have an aperture that captures light, which is then burned onto the negative.
Pinhole Cameras
A pinhole camera (or “camera obscura”) is a sealed box or chamber with a tiny hole or aperture on one side. It creates images by allowing light to pass through the pinhole and projecting an inverted image on the opposite side of the chamber and onto the film or photographic paper.
Pinhole cameras are characterized by an immense depth of field and a very wide camera angle.
Toy Cameras
Toy cameras are normally made of plastic and are very easy to use, making them suitable for children. They’re also capable of shooting decent images regardless of the various defects in their lenses. Some lomography cameras, like the Diana F+ Medium Format Camera (), can be categorized under this film camera type.
Types of Photographic Film
Color Negative Film
This type of film is popular among portrait and wedding photographers because of their vivid colors and contrast. C-41 chemicals found in color negative film yields negatives and prints through regular image processing.
Color Positive Film
Color positive film produces colorful images or slides through regular image processing. It contains E-6 chemicals, which can be used with C-41 chemicals (color negative film) to create photos with intense contrast and bright colors, as seen in lomographic photos. This is known as cross-processing.
Black and White Film
Black and white film comes in two types: “traditional” B&W film and C-41 B&W film. Traditional or Silver Gelatin B&W film uses gelatin with small silver salt crystals dispersed in the substance—hence the term “Silver Gelatin.” It is considered more stable and entails a much simpler developing process (as compared to the C-41 B&W), which is why it is typically the preferred film of B&W shooters. On the other hand, C-41 B&W film has numerous layers that are all sensitive to light, plus it involves a painstaking developing process that is easy to mess up. Also, exposure to various colors of light can make them unstable, and they often produce inconsistent results.
Infrared Film
With the right exposure, you can produce quirky photos using infrared film. This type of film is sensitive to a broader spectrum of light than human eyes and can yield surreal-looking images when exposed correctly. True infrared film can only be loaded and unloaded in complete darkness, making them best for more experienced photographers.
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Common Film Sizes
- 135 or 35mm – 135 or 35mm film is both easy to find and process, as they’re available at drugstores and can be developed in one-hour photo laboratories. 35mm film produces images with a common size of 24x36mm.
- 120 or Medium Format – 120 film comes in various frame sizes, but the most common would be the 6x6cm. Depending on the frame size, it offers exposures of up to 15 or 16.
- Large Format – Large format film is generally at least 4×5 inches or 9x12cm, giving you around 15 times the resolution of the typical 35mm film. It also comes in other less common sizes, such as quarter-plate, 5x7in, and 8x10in.
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